From telomere modulation to senolytic clearance — peptides targeting the hallmarks of aging.
SS-31 (Elamipretide): Cardiolipin-targeting mitochondrial peptide. Covers Barth syndrome Phase 3 data, heart failure research, dosing, and trial results.
GHK-Cu: Copper tripeptide for skin healing and anti-aging. Covers collagen stimulation, wound repair, hair growth, and topical vs injectable use.
Epitalon (Epithalone) is not FDA or EMA approved. Review telomerase activation data, Khavinson research, pineal gland effects, and Thymalin comparisons.
FOXO4-DRI: Senolytic peptide targeting senescent cells. Covers FOXO4-p53 disruption, aging reversal research by Baar et al., dosing, and limitations.
Humanin: 24-amino acid mitochondrial-derived peptide with anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects. Research in Alzheimer's, aging, and metabolic disease.
MOTS-c: Mitochondrial-derived exercise mimetic peptide. Covers AMPK activation, glucose metabolism, aging research, dosing, and preclinical findings.
“Epitalon for preventive longevity research targeting telomere maintenance with a broader evidence base; FOXO4-DRI for interventional senescent cell clearance research with a novel but less validated mechanism”
“Carnosine and epitalon represent complementary rather than competing approaches to anti-aging. Carnosine is the safer, more accessible, and better-validated option with extensive human data, oral availability, and multi-pathway protective effects against oxidative stress and glycation. Epitalon targets a more fundamental aging mechanism (telomere shortening) through direct telomerase activation, which is scientifically compelling but supported by limited and non-independent research. For individuals seeking a well-established, evidence-based anti-aging supplement, carnosine is the stronger choice. For those interested in cutting-edge telomere biology, epitalon is the more targeted option but carries greater uncertainty. The two can potentially be combined for complementary effects -- carnosine for damage prevention and epitalon for telomere maintenance.”
“GHK-Cu is the more potent and versatile anti-aging peptide with broader biological activity, stronger clinical evidence for wrinkle reduction, and additional benefits for wound healing, inflammation, and tissue remodeling. In a direct head-to-head comparison, GHK-Cu reduced wrinkle volume 31.6% more than Matrixyl 3000. However, Matrixyl is better tolerated, easier to formulate, more widely available in commercial products, and more compatible with other skincare actives. For maximum anti-aging effect, GHK-Cu is superior. For everyday cosmetic use with minimal formulation concerns, Matrixyl is the more practical choice. The two peptides can also be combined synergistically.”
From senolytic FOXO4-DRI to mitochondrial SS-31, we ranked 13 anti-aging peptides by clinical trial evidence across 6 mechanisms. See which have human data vs. animal-only studies.
Definitive mapping of the 12 hallmarks of aging to specific peptide interventions including Epitalon, FOXO4-DRI, SS-31, MOTS-c, and NAD+.
Mitochondrial peptides MOTS-c, SS-31, and Epitalon reviewed for their roles in cellular energy, aging, and longevity research.
Guide to Khavinson bioregulator peptides for aging including Epitalon, Vilon, Thymalin, and Pinealon with mechanisms, clinical data, and evidence review.
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Browse the full directory of 22 peptides in this category, including research status, evidence levels, and dosing information.